两极使者 发表于 2012-5-21 19:43:20

《中英版》两极哲理之(十四)两极哲理与国家政治

两极哲理之(十四)两极哲理与国家政治

国家政治的演变,也符合两极哲理之善性前极制造善性后极,恶性前极制造恶性后极的道理。现在就让笔者以实例加以阐明:
  
韩国的学生团体在八十年代初期受到不少的中下层人民及反对党的支持,可是当时的执政者却忽略了这些因素,因而在光州事件里利用军警以强硬手段镇压学生的示威游行。这种恶性前极导致人民的普遍不满而演变成在位的总统及多位军政要员下台,及被提控治罪的恶性后极。之后,接任的总统即刻以善性前极之做法治国,他除了实行政改以顺应人民的意愿之外,并指令军警以更容忍、宁可被学生挨揍的方式来应付学生的示威游行,结果是学生组织及其势力逐渐减弱,及中下层人民对学生的支持程度也没有像光州事件时那么强烈了。这即是善行后极的出现。
韩国与朝鲜之间的对立情势最进也有了转机。韩国一直担心朝鲜会对她发动核子战争,在朝鲜九四年二月底宣布让国际核能组织检查其核子设施之后,此一善性前极即促使韩国宣布停止与美国自一九七六年就开始的韩美常年联合军事演习。朝鲜一直认为韩美的常年联合军事演习是对朝鲜发动战争的“彩排”,所以停止联合军事演习对朝鲜而言是上述让核能组织检查一事的善性后极了。倘若韩、朝能继续不断地互相做出善极,相信两地人民期待已久的韩朝统一之愿望很快就会实现了。
  
越南自越战结束之后就一直不曾与美国合作来共同解决失踪美军的问题,导致美国因恼忿而颁令禁止对越南的一切外援与贸易。结果呢?越南被孤立,经济因此而落后了十余年。由于美国对越南的十余年制裁,使美国失去了在越南的许多贸易与投资机会,因而蒙受了无法估计的经济损失。这不也是恶性的前后极吗?两国在最近国事访问时,首脑人物都承认了上述的结论。
  
新加坡政府为了让人民在年老的时候,有足够的储蓄来维持生活而设立了最低公积金存款制。由于其用心之良苦是为了年老的国民着想,虽然初期有人反对,但国民已认识到此一制度乃是善极,所以也不再有人横加批评了。也因此,制订最低公积金制的执政党赢得了人民的好感。执政党制造了善性前极,必然赢得善性后极。再说,新加坡的拥车证制度亦是为了解决新加坡的交通拥挤问题而设,亦属善性前极。虽然目前还有人对这个制度有所不满,但亦可察觉到这个拥车证制度已逐渐地被人们接受了。人民亦享受到这个制度的善性后极—至今很少有交通拥挤的现象出现。
  
以下再举世人所知晓的几个例子——   
日本的贸易保护主义使到许多国家,尤其是美国在贸易上长期出现了庞大的逆差是一种恶性前极,美国总统终于在九四年三月初签准了 SUPER 301 政令,对日本采取贸易制裁行动,这就是保护主义的恶性后极。不过话又说回来,美国动不动就向许多国家采取各种不同的制裁均属恶极。今后美国如果有什么天灾人祸而需要援助的话,相信那些曾受过美国“鸟气”的国家只会袖手旁观,“动口而不动手”了,这将是美国制裁他国,自己给自己制造的恶性后极。
  
某犹太人在九四年二月间开枪打死了六十三名在约旦河西岸希伯伦市镇的回教堂内祈祷的巴勒斯坦人,埋下了非常严重的恶极。结果不但引发了巴勒斯坦人起来示威、暴乱及攻击无辜的犹太人,更触怒了世界各地的许多回教国家及教徒,这又是恶极导致恶极的另一证明。以色列对这起事件的明智处理法是做出善极。譬如声明对这起事件负责,对死难者做出赔偿,释放因示威而被逮捕的巴勒斯坦人。并对参与这起事件的犹太组织采取行动,给予严历处罚等。相信这些善极会促使巴勒斯坦人有所反应而做出对称的善极,如:继续支持和谈判有关的巴勒斯坦的自治问题、减少示威暴乱等。
  
谈到最近法国渔民为了抗议外来廉价鱼的进口而发生的示威暴乱,我们不能不发现他们的出发点仅仅是为了少数渔民的利益。那么这种恶极的动乱是不成气候的,所以他们是不会得到人民或政府的广泛支持。
  
马来西亚政府为了抗议英国报章在没有证据之下指责该政府领袖贪污而于九四年三月对所有英国商家采取了制裁。这种做法亦属恶性前极。为什么这样说呢?那么请看它的恶性后极就如英国首相梅杰所说的两国都有所损失一样,即英商做不到马政府或人民的生意,而马政府或人民却要花更多的金钱去买替代商品,或买到次等商品。依笔者之见,马政府如果能在适当的时刻再采取行动迫使该报章拿出证据及澄清该报指责,藉此消除贪污之嫌,并在适合的时机宣布取消对英商的制裁。这些不就是明智的善极做法吗?
  
我们以两极哲理来看看香港回归中国的问题吧。中方反对港督建造新机场,因为怕港督不但花掉香港的储备金,而且还会把负债留给中国去负担。客观地说,建新机场不但能使香港几百万人受惠,而且中国亦会因此而间接地获益,所以亦属善性前极。倘若英国及港督都能证明并确保有足够的储备金来完成这项工程,那么大家都应该以合作的态度去完成这项有意义的工程。因为它的结果能带给人民很大的善极。如果港督是存心不良,那么,这个恶性前极,必然遭到世人的反对。谈到港督彭定康先生对香港的政改,由于他的主张只能满足少数港人的要求,尚属善极,会得到这些人的支持。但彭定康先生的香港政改方案却与中国目前的政治系统格格不入,对中国的未来可能产生分化作用而最终使人民遭殃,所以香港政改对中国而言是属恶极。如果港督一意孤行而坚持政改,相信不会有好结果的。因为香港既不能独立,亦不能自治,最终还是要重投中国的怀抱而归顺于中国领导。这么说吧,当九七年后香港回归大路时,中国就处在主动地位并有权力否决政改。香港人是喜欢财富的,到时中国只要在这方面做出善极,政不政改对港人还是次要的。就像八八年天安门事件一样,过后由于中国的改革开放一路来都很成功,所以许多当年参与这起不幸事件的人士亦因此事过景遣。现在只为他们的事业而奋斗,忘了或已没兴趣去搞这些事情了。
  
最后以两极哲理来探索“人权”这个问题。在第五篇《什么是两极哲理》有提到善恶是以国家法律、社会行为与道德、宗教信仰、民族文化思想等为准则。所以可想而知,有的国家如美国的人权标准对其他国家,如中国而言是格格不入的。中国儒家思想要的是群策群力、牺牲小我,这才是善极。但美国要的人权是个人有自由言论与行动的权力,美国人都习惯并懂得如何依据其国家的法律与宗教信仰等准则去享用这些个人权力,所以这些自由言论与行动的权力,对美国人而言是属善极,能给他们带来很大的成就感和满足感。但如果把美国的人权标准硬套在中国身上,却成了恶极了。因为中国的国家法律、社会行为与道德、宗教信仰、文化思想等,与美国有很大的差异,因而美国的人权标准必会造成中国人民的分化,使社会动乱不安,人民可能陷入水深火热之中的恶性后极了。印度就是一个硬套美国人权标准而失败的例子。此国是世界公认最有人权水准的国家,但也是世界最贫穷国家之一。由于人民都有很大的言论与行动自由,所以时常造成社会动乱与人民冲突。可见印度追随西方的人权标准,亦属恶性前极。
  
上述各例证明了两极哲理与国家政治是有着多么紧密的联系啊!
王瑞贤/一九九四年三月中
英文版
Part Fourteen: The Law of Event(s) upon Event and Politics

The changes on the political arena also conform to LEE. Now let us illustrate with specific examples.

In South Korea in 1980s, students supported by the opposition parties and the majority of people, frequently organized large scale demonstrations against the government. In the event of the Kwan Ju riot, the authorities did not recognise the force of the people, and suppressed the students with a high hand. This negative starting event resulted in series of corresponding subsequent events. The authorities hence lost the support of the people, which in turn, resulted the president then and quite a number of government and military officials to prosecution. The new president Mr. Roh Tae Woo coming into power after this incident, changed former government policies. Besides meeting with the expectations of the people, he was more tolerant towards students' demonstrations. As a result, the fervor and anger of the students diminished, and the people gradually withdrew their support for the students. This instance well illustrated how a good subsequent event derives itself from a good starting event.

In recent years, the relation between South and North Koreas has undergone drastic changes for the better. The former has been keeping a constant vigilance against a possible major attack from the latter until in February, 1994, when North Korea agreed upon a UN inspection over its nuclear facilities, which as a positive starting event kindled corresponding subsequent events. In accordance, South Korea cancelled the yearly joint military exercise with the U.S., which had started as early as in 1976. If the two sides keep contributing to good starting events like this, it is hoped that hostilities will gradually end, and in their place will eventually appear a friendly and harmonious relation or even unity which the peoples on both sides have long been expecting.

Ever since the end of the US-Vietnamese War, Vietnamese has never co-operated with the US in searching for the missing American soldiers. The US, exasperated by the event, banned aids and trade of every sort with Vietnam. Consequently the latter was isolated and underwent almost two decades of slump in economic growth. In the meantime, the US also lost many opportunities of trade and investment by imposing the sanctions, thus incurring immense economic losses. Recently, both sides admitted the negative consequences of their long-held hostility during their first official meeting.

To ensure a substantial living for citizens after their retirement, the Singapore government created a new Retirement Accounts under the Minimum Sum Scheme for the CPF members. Despite the fierce resistance on the part of the members in the beginning, the policy is now complimented rather than criticized owing to the government's meticulous considerations. And the ruling party has eventually won the support of the people. Similarly, the COE policy regarding car ownership, a good starting event, has greatly reduced the traffic jams. Though some still complain, the majority, having seen the positive subsequent event, have accepted the policy with more willingly.

The following are more examples.

The Japanese trade protectionism has made many countries, particularly the US, experience a drastic adverse balance of trade. As a negative starting event it has led to a corresponding negative subsequent event - the American President in March 1994, consented sanctions on Japan with the ratification of Super 301. Similarly, the US is actually creating negative events by frequently resorting to sanctions against other countries. Consequently, these countries will refuse to render aid of any kind when the US is in need. Hence, by imposing sanctions, the US is creating negative events against herself.

In February 1994, sixty-three Palestinians were killed by a Jew when they were praying at a mosque in Hebron, a city on the West Bank of the Jordan River, which, as an evil starting event resulted in mass demonstrations, riots and retaliations. What was worse, it exasperated Muslims in other countries. By handling this incident discreetly, the Israeli government created a good starting event. It claimed responsibility, released the Palestinian demonstrators and strictly punished the Jewish organization which was responsible for the incident. Such positive starting events, no doubt, led to positive subsequent events, such as support for negotiations over the self-rule of Palestinians and diminishing of demonstrations and riots.

The British newspaper once condemned the Malaysian Prime Minister for his corruption, though there was no sufficient evidence. As a protest, the Malaysian government imposed sanctions in March 1994 on the British businessmen, which was a negative starting event. The British businessmen lost business opportunities in Malaysia, in the meantime, the Malaysians, according to the opinion of Prime Minister John Major, incurred more losses by buying substitute products. In my opinion, if the Malaysian government, instead of flying into a rage, had demanded the British newspaper for evidence or had lifted their sanctions at an appropriate time, they would have created positive events.

LEE can also explain the Sino-British issues over Hong Kong. China is against constructing a new airport in Hong Kong, fearing that such a project might draw on the gold reserve and plunge China into debt. Yet from an objective point of view, millions of Hong Kong people together with the mainland Chinese will also benefit from this project. If the British government, particularly the Governor of Hong Kong could prove that they had sufficient gold reserve to accomplish the project, everyone concerned should then joint hands in making contributions to this project. On the contrary, if the Governor had ulterior motives, he would naturally be opposed. With regard to the reforms initiated by the Governor of Hong Kong, which reflected the needs of the minority of Hong Kong people, but most of the policies contradict the existing political system of mainland China. Hence, his reforms, though good for some Hong Kong people, are unfavorable to China as a whole. If the Governor insisted on carrying out these reforms, there would be serious consequences. The fact is Hong Kong will not win independence from China, nor can it be self-ruling, eventually it will re-unite with China. To put it specifically, when Hong Kong reunites with China in 1997, as long as the Chinese government can keep Hong Kong in prosperity, it does not matter whether or not China vetoes these reforms. As in the Tian'anmen Square incident of 1989, the people were exasperated at first. However, the glowing success of the economic reforms following the incident weakened the after-effects of the incident. As a matter of fact, the tragedy has faded out even in the memories of those who were actively involved then.

As for the human rights issues, LEE can provide for sound explanations. As has been mentioned in Part Five of this book, the criteria for good and evil are determined by national laws, social behavior, morality, religious beliefs and ethnic culture. Hence, different nations may have different criteria. For instance, the concept of human rights in the US differs from that in China. Confucianism advocates collectivism and discourages individualism. While in America, people prefer individuality. In fact, Americans know only too well as to how to enjoy and protect these rights by law or religious beliefs. However, if we are to apply the American standard on human rights to the Chinese context, there will be instability, riots or even disintegration of the country.

India provides an outstanding example of failure rather than success for introducing American Standards into the country. India is generally accepted as a country of human rights, yet it is also one of the most backward countries in the world. Since its people enjoy too much freedom, there frequently occur social turmoils and strife among different religious sects. In this sense, it is to create evil starting events for India to have adopted the American standards for human rights.

All the examples mentioned above fully testify to the close relationship between politics and LEE.


March, 1994
Note: Mr. Roh Tae Woo has been charged in court for accepting bribes in Dec 95.
页: [1]
查看完整版本: 《中英版》两极哲理之(十四)两极哲理与国家政治